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Tuesday, February 1, 2022

Thinking Activity

Criticism: I A Richard "Practical Criticism" - Reading Poems 

This Blog task is the response of Reading selective poem and analyze from the reference of I.A.Richards's 'Practical Criticism' given by Prof.Dr.Dilip Barad Sir.Here I Sher my opinion on criticism and also Sher critical view of the poem Nazm: Ye Khel kya hai.

Practical criticism is, like the formal study of English literature itself, a relatively young discipline. It began in the 1920s with a series of experiments by the Cambridge critic I.A. Richards. He gave poems to students without any information about who wrote them or when they were written. In Practical Criticism of 1929 he reported on and analysed the results of his experiments. The objective of his work was to encourage students to concentrate on 'the words on the page', rather than relying on preconceived or received beliefs about a text. For Richards this form of close analysis of anonymous poems was ultimately intended to have psychological benefits for the students: by responding to all the currents of emotion and meaning in the poems and passages of prose which they read the students were to achieve what Richards called an 'organised response'. This meant that they would clarify the various currents of thought in the poem and achieve a corresponding clarification of their own emotions.

I.A. Richards notes that language of poetry is Figurative/ metaphorical/ symbolical and personified one. Language of poetry is connotative , not denotative. Meaning lies in the context. So while reading the poetry reader should be aware about this things otherwise there is possibility of Over- literal/ scientific reading, which may lead the reader to the totally different meaning than the intended one of the poem. 

 He believed that poet writes to communicate, and language is the means of that communication. Language is made of words, and hence a study of words is all important if we are to understand the meaning of a work of art. Words carry four kinds of meaning: Sense, Feelings, Tone and Intentions. Here, I discuss  my reading view of the poem Nazm- Ye Khel kya hai.

Analysis of poem: Nazm - Ye khel kya hai ( ये खेल क्या है ) by Javed akhtar

This nazm by Javed Akhtar (from his book of poems ‘Lava’) captures the notion of existential angst through the metaphor of a game of chess. He questions the contradictions of life, of social oppression and injustice through his thoughts about the rules of chess.

Nazm - Ye khel kya hai  
    ( नज़्म - ये खेल क्या है )

ये खेल क्या है
मिरे मुखालिफ़ ने चाल चल दी है 
और अब
मेरी चाल के इंतेज़ार में है
मगर मैं कब से
सफ़ेद खानों
सियाह खानों में रक्खे
काले-सफ़ेद मोहरों को देखता हूँ
मैं सोचता हूँ
ये मोहरे क्या हैं
अगर मैं समझूँ
कि ये जो मोहरे हैं
सिर्फ लकड़ी के हैं खिलौने
तो जीतना क्या है हारना क्या
न ये ज़रूरी
न वो अहम है
अगर खुशी है न जीतने की
न हारने का ही कोई ग़म है
तो खेल क्या है
मैं सोचता हूँ
जो खेलना है
तो अपने दिल में यक़ीन कर लूँ
ये मोहरे सचमुच के बादशाहो-वज़ीर
सचमुच के हैं प्यादे
और इनके आगे है
दुश्मनों की वो फ़ौज
रखती है जो कि मुझको तबाह करने के
सारे मनसूबे
सब इरादे
मगर मैं ऐसा जो मान भी लूँ
तो सोचता हूँ
ये खेल कब है
ये जंग है जिसको जीतना है
ये जंग है जिसमें सब है जायज़
कोई ये कहता है जैसे मुझसे
ये जंग भी है
ये खेल भी है
ये जंग है पर खिलाड़ियों की
ये खेल है जंग की तरह का
मैं सोचता हूँ
जो खेल है
इसमें इस तरह का उसूल क्यों है
कि कोई मोहरा रहे कि जाए
मगर जो है बादशाह
उसपर कभी कोई आँच भी न आए
वज़ीर ही को है बस इजाज़त
कि जिस तरफ़ भी वो चाहे जाए
मैं सोचता हूँ
जो खेल है
इसमें इस तरह का उसूल क्यों है
प्यादा जो अपने घर से निकले
पलट के वापस न जाने पाए
मैं सोचता हूँ
अगर यही है उसूल
तो फिर उसूल क्या है
अगर यही है ये खेल
तो फिर ये खेल क्या है
मैं इन सवालों से जाने कब से उलझ रहा हूँ
मिरे मुखालिफ़ ने चाल चल दी है
और अब मेरी चाल के इंतेज़ार में है।
 
                

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